Review

1.       in addition to rainfall, the mogollon and hohokam cultures used flood-plain irrigation or a system of floodgates and canals drawing upon streams to provide water for their crops.

2.       which of the following food sources were important to the inhabitants of the Arctic and Subarctic regions? caribou, berries, and whale.

3.       What was the name of the great city associated with the Mississippian culture? Cahokia

4.       How did the geographic climatic diversity of the America affect the transfer of plants and animals? it slowed down the spread of corn production from South America to Mesoamerica.

5.       The term matrilineal refers to a society in which women control property and family lineage.

6.       True of False. Before European contact, the Americas had been free of tuberculosis and pneumonia.  False

7.       When did the earliest settlers of the Americas migrate across the Bering Strait? The Ice Age.

8.       The Numic-Speaking peoples of the  Great Basin often banded together in family groups of up to 50 people.

9.       For survival, most plaints communities relied on foraging and/or hunting.  True.

10.   Which of the following landscaping projects was not undertaken by pre-contact native peoples in North America? Enriching soil in the Amazon region with charcoal and a variety o other organic materials.

11.   Although the cultural significance of the mounds built in the Ohio and Mississippi river valleys is not completely understood, archaeological evidence points to their use as funeral sites.

12.   How did early humans living in the Americas adapt to the end of the Ice Age? They began to hunt smaller animals.

13.   How did some well-known Americans of the eighteenth century show their interest in earlier civilizations? They collected artifacts excavated from the mounds.

14.   Which of the following was the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan noted for? Canals and causeways.

15.   Cities in ancient Mesoamerica serves as centers for religious rites, the production of needed goods, and the distribution of agricultural surplus.

16.   True or False. The lack of domesticated large animals, which initially spared Native Americans from many diseases, made them more susceptible to the diseases the Europeans had immunities to.  True.

17.   Which of the following statements about the Amazon rainforest is incorrect? The Amazon is a vast region of natural growth untouched by human manipulation.

18.   Which of the following represented a primary means of survival among the natives of the Pacific Northwest and Subarctic/Arctic? Fishing.

19.   By the fifteenth century, the Algonquins who lived in communities along the East Coast had adopted the use of  agriculture.

20.   How did early native people in the Americas alter the physical environment to support large-scale agriculture? They cut terraces into the Andes to increase the amount of farmable land.

21.   Which crop, introduced from the Americas, dramatically changed northern European life? Potatoes.

22.   What social characteristics did the abundance of food in Mesoamerica produce? A highly complex and stratified social system.

23.   How can the Olmec civilization best be described? Complex and Urban.

24.   Which culture is the settlement of Paquime in present-day Chihuahua believed to have descended from? Mogollon

25.   Native people in the Americas began developing agriculture through a process of accident and experimentation.

26.   Which plants did Native Americans develop? Corn.

Chapter  2

1.       One of Martin Luther's more radical beliefs was that everyone should read the bible.

2.       In 1519 the Spanish conquistador Hernan Cortez made the first European contact with the Aztecs, who rules a vast empire in what is now Mexico.

3.       One of the advantages that allowed the Spanish to intimidate and eventually defeat the Aztecs was advanced metal weaponry.

4.       Which of the following statements about early modern Europe are correct? For most people, life was brutal, dangerous, and short. Nobles and aristocrats enjoyed incomes hundreds of times larger than those of commoners. The authority of local lods over their lands was nearly absolute.

5.       Much of Spain's imperial wealth came from silver mines in Mexico and Peru.

6.       The Black Death and the growth of the Ottoman empire reduced Portuguese access to traditional sources of slave labor for their sugar plantations.

7.       Who controlled Saharan African trade routes in the fifteenth century? African Kingdoms

8.       While intent on protecting their interests, the Africans were also eager to trade with the Portuguese.

9.       By the mid-sixteenth century, the Spanish empire had defeated the great civilizations of the Americas.

10.   Unlike the benevolent and merciful God of the reformer Martin Luther , the God of the theologian John Calvin was omnipotent and controlling.

11.   Which of the following statements concerning slavery in medieval Europe are true? Owning slaves was a status symbol. Slave were typically female. Slaves often came from Slavic lands; hence, the word slave.

12.   Which of the following does not represent a cultural advantage of the Spanish over the Aztecs? Knowledge of diseases.

13.   Some of the worst violence associated with the religious wars of the sixteenth century took place in France , there the persecution of the Huguenots occurred.

14.   Which of the following was not a major reason for early Spanish explorer's interest in the lands and peoples of the New World? opportunities to develop trade relationships with the natives.

15.   Which of the following were positive results of the bubonic plague? More available land, increased wages, lower prices.

16.   When has slavery been an important element of the world labor market? from ancient times to the present.

17.   By sixteenth century, England had adopted the Protestant Christian faith.

18.   Prince Henry "the Navigator" of Portugal was the driving force of his kingdom's overseas ventures in the fifteenth century.

19.   The mines in the Spanish New World were worked by black slaves, white workers, and Indians.

20.   What was the first continent to experience Europe's expansionist activities? Africa

21.   Juan Ponce de Leon landed in what is now  Florida on the North American continent.

22.   In the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, Europe had a mostly rural population.

23.   The struggle to subdue and colonize Ireland set the stage for later English efforts to conquer parts of the New World.

24.   The English justified their conquest of neighboring lands by arguing that their civilization and Protestant religion were superior.

25.   One of the lasting consequences of the Protestant Reformation was that  it led to religious schisms.

26.   The artist John White , who was appointed governor of the second Roanoke colony, hoped his leadership would allow settlers and Indians to coexist peacefully.

27.   Which of the following statements about the overall history of slavery is most accurate? Slavery has existed throughout human history and has taken various forms.

28.   What was threatened by inadequate infrastructure and constant warfare in early modern Europe? the food supply.

29.   Which of the following best summarizes the Calvinist belief in predestination? God has already chosen, or predestined, certain people for salvation.

30.   By the late fifteenth century, the focal point of European sugar production shifted to the Azores and other islands in the eastern  Atlantic that were noted for their rich, volcanic soil.

31.   During the thirteenth century one of the ways that the Catholic Church expanded its influence and wealth was through the sale of indulgences , which promised to shorten the time spent in purgatory after death.

32.   The 1578 charter granted to Humphrey Gilbert game him permission to explore America but failed to recognize native claims to the land.

33.   Which of the following did Europeans introduce to the New World? bananas, horses, hogs.

34.   What precedent did early English conquests in Europe set? a willingness to treat natives cruelly.

35.   True of False. The fear of a native revolt in the colony of Roanoke led English settlers to appease the natives. False

36.   The dominant Islamic empire during the fourteenth and fifteen centuries was the ottoman empire.

37.   The English Reformation, unlike that in other Protestant nations, took the form of monarchial rebellion against the papacy.

27.   The cruelties of the Spanish fueled the belief that the American Indians would welcome the English as benevolent masters.

28.   In addition to exploring Peru, Hernan de Soto led an expedition through was is now the southeastern United States.

29.   Ferdinand and Isabella agreed to support the voyage of Columbus after they completed the reconquista, which was achieved when they took the kingdom of  Granada in 1492.

30.   The European trend toward the expansion of royal power began in France, Spain, and England.

31.   The wealthiest and most advanced country in the world in the mid-fifteenth century was china.

32.   Which of the following best summarizes Calvin's and Luther's views on the role of Christians in society?   Luther believe that Christians should accept the existing social order, whereas Calvin taught that they should reshape society.

33.   The Christian conflict in Europe known as the Protestant Reformation embroiled European kingdoms in disputes that distracted them from schemes of colonization and conquest.

34.   after creating the Church of England, King Henry VIII made the shrewd political decision to name himself the head of the church.

35.   The Spanish empire in the New World was governed primarily by bureaucrats.

36.   One of the consequences of political centralization in Europe was a better ability to manage colonies.

37.   Virgin-soil epidemics, which occurred frequently in the New World, were devastating outbreaks of disease in which the afflicted people had never before been exposed.

38.   New ships called caravels allowed the Portuguese to sail down Africa's western coast with greater speed.

39.   The conquest of which country served as a model for England's colonization of America? Ireland

40.   According to John Calvin, the achievement of success in one's worldly indicated the bestowal of God's favor.

41.   In his plea to the queen to settle America, the English clergyman Richard Hakluyt made all of the following arguments except that it was imperative to counter the growing French threat.

42.   Which of the following best identifies Prince Henry the Navigator's purpose in encouragning overseas exploration? to establish direct contact with West AFrica and thus circumvent the expensive trans-Saharan trade.

43.   Why did the Roanoke leader Wingina favor establishing a relationship with the English? he sought regular access to their trade goods.

44.   Which of the following best explains why royal geographers in Portugal rejected Columbu's plan for a westward voyage? They knew that the earth was round but believed that it was much larger than Columbus estimated.

45.   In order to obtain trading privileges, the Portuguese had to pay tribute or taxes  to African leaders.

46.   True or False. Following the conquest of the New World, people from Spain immigrated in large numbers. false.

47.   With whom did the Portuguese establish partnerships in Africa? high-ranking africans on the coast.

48.   True or False. The native inhabitants of Virginia were not exposed to European people or commodities until Walter Raleigh's 1584 expedition. False

Chapter 3

1. the spanish would have ceased their efforts to colonize New Mexico had it not been for

the Franciscans, who convinced the king they had a religious duty to stay.

 

2. which of the following characterized planters' lives in the britihsh west inidies after sugar cultivation began?

 a population in wihch africans gereatly outnumbered the english

 fear of servant mutinies and slave rebellions

 lack of land for planters' sons to establish their own farms

 

3. the virginia company of london was a joint stock company

 

4. wich crop generated the greatest profits for england in the americas?

 Sugar

 

5. although georgia's founders initially outlawed liquor and slavery, they eventually relented under pressure from settlers.

 

6. what laws did england pass in the 1660s and 1670s to regulate the shipping and marketing of colonial goods?

 the navigation acts

 

7. how did chesapeake leaders in the mid-1700s encourage racial unity among whites of various classes?

 by instituting new laws that treated white servants differently from black slaves

 by improving the economic situation of freed servants

 by grantics most white males the right to vote

 

8. the english defeat the powhatans opened up thousands of acres for tobacco production in virginia

 

9. which caribbean colony was home ot many of the original settlers of south carolina?

 Barbados

 

10. which of the following are true statements about the franciscan presence in spanish north america?

 the fransiscans' tole in seeking to convert native americas began in the early days of spanish exploration

 the royal administrators convinced the native peoples to accept the fransiscan missions

 the franciscans played key roles in the settlement of both florida and new mexico

 

11. which of the following plagued early jamestown?

 the unwillingnes of settlers to work

 

12. the name of the native leader associated with the pueblo revolt was pope.

 

13. the explorer associated with the first attempt to colonize new mexico was onate

 

14. georgia's founders hoped to create a colony that would serve as a home for the "worth poor"

 

15. true or false. one indirect result of the 1622 war between the powhatans and the english was the decision by james I to renew the charter of the virginia company of london

 False

 

16. which of the following marked chesapeake society after 1690?

 political cooperation between new arrivals and existing leaders in virginia

 sharing of power between catholics and protestans in maryland

 

17. how did new laws adopted in the late seventeenth century affect race relations in the chesapeake?

 they made sexual relations between whites and blacks illegal

 

18. the franciscan order played an instrumental role in the settlement of which two spanish colonies?

 florida

 new mexico

 

19. the yamasee war prompted south carolinians to seek new economic endeavors, including the cultivation of rice.

 

20. which monarch was restored to the english throne in 1600?

 charles II

 

21. to lure settlers, georgia's founders offered them which of the following?

 supplies

 tools

 land

 

22. which of the following is NOT a reason that planters in the chesapeake began to invest more heavily in slaves than in servants after 1680?

 slaves were less expensive than servants

 

23. which region served as the center of the slave trade in africa?

 the gold coast

 

24.which of the following reasons was the most important in sparking the pueblo revolt?

 the rise of a charismatic leader known as pope

 

25. in which of the following ways did the growth of the slave trade effect african society?

 the slave trade affected africans living in the interior as well as those living in coastal areas.

 the growing slave trade led to the organization of new political states in africa

 

26. true or false. coode's rebellion in marland and bacon's rebellion in virginia were revolts largely over the issue of allowing slavery

 False

 

27. what effect did the navigation acts have on the chesapeake?

 they created crushing debt for many tobacco planters

 

28. the middle passage resulted in which of the following?

 nightmarish conditions for the black men, women, and children who were squeeed into the ships

 the death of approximately 15% of enslaved africans during the journey

 

29. by the 1660s, which of the following problems beset colonists in the chesapeake region?

 overproductions of tobacco, which led to lower prices

 political conflict between landowners and landless free men

 greater mercantilistic control over colonial trade by parliament

 

30. the crop most associated with colonial virgina was tobacco

 

31. an epidemic of small decimated the pueblo population in the 1660s

 

32. which english colony was founded as a religious haven for catholics?

 Maryland

 

33. why was control of florida so important to the spanish?

 it would allow them to prevent european rivals from sailing along the atlantic coast

 

34. in the late 1600s and the early 1700s,the english in the carolinas

 partnered with local native allies to enslave other indians

 desired to grow crops tended by african slaves

 

35. between 1700 and 1850, the transatlantic slave trade primarily imported african slaves to

 the caribbean islands and brazil

 

36. mercantilists believed that establishing colonies would allow european nations to maintain a favorable balance of trade

 

37. the winter 1609-1610 in jamestown was marked by which of the following?

 martial law

 starvation

 disease

 

38. what were headrights?

 land grants given to encourage immigration in the chesapeake

 

39. why did the natives of new mexico revolt against the spanish in 1680?

 the spanish exploited their labor

 

40. which was the religious order associated with the spanish settelment of florida?

 the fransciscans

 

41. in 1715 the yamasee tribe attacked english settlements in teh carolinas because they feared that the english would seek to enslave them.

 

42. the spanish would have ceased their efforts to colonize new mexico had it not been for

 the franciscans, who convinced the king they had a religious duty to stay.

 

43. which of the followings correctly identifies a major problem in the british went indies during the seventeeth century?

 

 a high death rate from disease

 

44. to what does the term "middle passage" refer?

 the trip by sea from africa to the americas

 

45. true or false. one indirect result of the 1622 war between the powhatans and the english was the decision by james I to renew the charter of the virginia company of london

 False

 

46. true or false. coode's rebellion in maryland and bacon's rebellion in virginia were revolts largely over the issue of allowing slavery.

 false

 

Chapter 4

1.       The purpose of the indian college founded in 1655 was to instruct young Puritans in Wampanoag culture.

2.       As a step toward expanding the territory under their control, the French helped broker a peace between the Iroquois and the rival Indian nations.

3.       When the separatists left Holland the intended to sail to Virginia, but they landed at Plymouth.

4.       The 1688 coup detat that placed william and mary on the english throne is known as the Glorious Revolution.

5.       By 1700, what was the size of the population of New England?  50,000

6.       In 1664 the dutch colony of new netherlands surrenedered to the invading English fleet.

7.       Which city became the most important commercial and cultural hub for the English empire in North America? Philadelphia

8.       The puritans who migrated to North America during the 1630s under a wave of persecution by Charles I tended to be better educated, wealthier  than the Pilgrim Separatists.

9.       The Wampanoags, still weakened by the of 1620, nonetheless agreed to help and instruct the outbreak starving Pilgrims.

10.   Assertive Puritan women were sometimes accused of being witches.

11.   Which religious order established missions for Native Americans in French Noth America? The Jesuits

12.   The Navigation Acts of 1660 outlined England’s policies for colonial trade.

13.   Identify the English king who lost the throne and went into exile in 1688. James II.

14.   By 1700 population growth in New England was occuring primarily as a result of natural increase.

15.   The Mayflower Compact served as the framework for the pilgrim’s government.

16.   The French were most interested in obtaining fur from Native Americans in exchange for European commodities.

17.   Which the following were represented in the diverse mix of faith and denominations in New York? Quakers, Catholics, Lutherans, and Jews.

18.   Why did Wampanoag chief Masasoit agree to help the Pilgrims in 1621? He sought European goods and alliances.

19.   In the mid-seventeenth century, the French came to realize that controlling the Mississipi River might allows them to dominate all of North America. 

20.   Upon ascending to the English throne, William and Mary reinstated representative assemblies in the colonies.

21.   True of false. By the end of the seventeenth century, the city of New York had emerged as the center of the English empire in the New World. False

22.   In 1688 King James II added New York and New Jersey to the newly created Dominion of New England.

23.   In 1660 England began to establish a coherent policy to regulate economic life in the colonies.

24.   True or False. The Franciscans were the most active missionaries among the native population in the French colonial empire. False.

25.   While they were few and far between in the Chesapeake, churches were common in New England and became the center of community life there.

26.   New Jersey became more diverse when English Quakers settled alonside Puritans who had come from Connecticut and Long Island.

27.   Which region proved more hospitable to seventeenth-century English settlers than the Chesapeake? New England.

28.   The Wanpanoags, still weakened by the epidemic of 1620, nonetheless agreed to help and instruct the starving Pilgrims.

29.   Who was the first governor of Massachusetts? John Winthrop

30.   Following the Glorious Revolution, William and Mary eliminated the Dominion of New England.

31.   True of False. One distinctive feature of early Pennsylvania was the relative peace that existed between settlers and Native Americans.  True.

32.   The Quaker leader William Penn was the founder of Pennsylvania.

33.   All of the following characteristics helped establish order and stability in the life of New England settlers except the wide dispersal of farmsteads.

34.   In New England, heads of households were typically not indentured servants.

35.   Members of the religious group commonly known as Quakers were scorned because they refused to participate in war or doff their hats to social superiors.

36.   The governmentof the Plymouth Colony was established by the Pilgrims.

37.   The Glorious Revolution established the authority in Parliament in the goerning of England and its colonies.

38.   The English government established vice-admiralty courts to stifler the common colonial practice of smuggling.

39.   Who founded Rhode Island after fleeing Massachusetts because of his radical views? Roger Williams

40.   Seventeenth-century Puritans were subdivided into Presbyterians and Congregationalists, who differed with each other on the issue of church organization.

41.   The French hoped that their native allies could help prevent encroachments on their territory by the Spanish from the west.

42.   The colonists turned against the Narragansetts, their former allies, in order to intimidate them into giving up their land.

43.   In Pennsylvania the Quakers’ belief in pacifism and their conviction that Native Americans rightfully owned their land led to peaceful relations between Indians and settlers.

44.   At the beginning of the eighteenth century, royal power was weak in the English colonies.

45.   The first permanent settlement established by the French in North America was located in what is now Nova Scotia.

46.   All Puritans, wether Presbyterian or Congregationalist, believed in the teaching of John Calvin.

47.   Because they shared core religious values and a history of persecution in England, the settlers of Massachusetts displayed a strong sense of community.

48.   In fighting the Pequots in 1637, the colonists set a large village on fire and watched the inhabitants burn.

49.   The English government established vice-admiralty courts and the Board of Trade in order to tighten control over the colonies.

50.   The Beaver Wars, which pitted the Iroquois League against the French and other Native American tribes, ultimately devasted New France.

51.   Two key factors leading to the Beaver Wars were an increase in arms trade and a small epidemic. 

52.   What was the main institution concerned with the protection of public morality in New England? The Church

53.   Which of the following Europen commondities had the most significant effect on Ntive American life? Metal Tools

54.   Seventeenth-century Puritans were subdivided into Presbyterians and Congregationalists, who differed with each other on the issue of church organization.

55.   The colonies of New England were relatively democratic because town decisions required unanimous consent.

Chapter 5

1.       Slaves in the Chesapeake region generally worked on plantations of 20 or fewer total slaves.

2.       While controversies spawned by the evangelical movement splintered churches in the North, by the mid-eighteenth century revivalism gained enthusiastic new audiences in the South.

3.       Using the task system instead of gang labor allowed slaves in the low country to enjoy a greater degree of freedom than slaves elsewhere.

4.       Which of the following statements regarding wealth in colonial America is not accurate? There was more of a gap between rich and poor than in France or Spain.

5.       A joint expedition of military men and Franciscan friars were the first Spanish explorers to permanently settle in California.

6.       Which of the following best describes the streets of New York and Boston in the eighteenth century? Crowded cobblestone alleys

7.       In 1690, Spain began establishing missions in Texas, hoping to solidify their relationship with the native Indians in the territory.

8.       Which of the following ethnic groups most typically settled in the interior of North America? Germans and Scots-Irish

9.       What prevented Parliament from asserting its authority in the American colonies before 1760? Its assumption that its authority had already been established.

10.   Which two denominations experienced enormous growth in the southern colonies as a result of the evangelical fervor of the late eighteenth century? Baptist and Presbyterian

11.   Generally, colonists found life in Canada easier than life in France.

12.   The wave of religious fervor that swept through the colonies during the eighteenth century is known as the first Great  Awakening.

13.   Which of the following statements concerning land ownership in England during the eighteenth century is correct? 2% of the population owned 70% of the land.

14.   Which two states had large low-country plantations on which slaves typically had infrequent contact with whites? Florida, Arkansas, and Tennessee

15.   What 1729 event shocked and terrified the French population of Louisiana? Natives and black slaves joined in rebellion against colonial rule.

16.   True of False. A population increase in eighteenth-century North America occurred mainly as a result of immigration, because the birthrate in the colonies as so low. False

17.   A joint expedition of military men and Franciscan friars were the first Spanish explorers to permanently settle in California.

18.   In the eighteenth century, England’s economy featured a growing interest in mining.

19.   Why did the French send Pierre Le Moyne d’lberville to establish French Louisiana?

They wanted to create a distinctly outpost in the Gulf.

They were unsatisfied with the progress of their colonies in Canada.

They hoped it would become a major agricultural center.

20.   During the First Great Awakening, evangelical ministers were particularly effective at stirring up emotions.

21.   In the 1750s the most populated city in colonial North America was Philadelphia.

22.   Which two states had large low-country plantations on which slaves typically had infrequent contact with whites? South Carolina and Georgia

23.   The ranks of colonial craftsmen, or artisans, included butcher, shipbuilders, distiller, shoemakers, blacksmiths, and millers.

24.   After New Orleans was founded in 1718, the Company of the Indies brought some 6,000 African slaves to work on the French plantations in Louisiana.

25.   Which of the following is not a reason for the Spanish expansion into Texas? To protect the water supply into northern New Spain.

26.   Slaves in the Chesapeake region generally worked on plantations of 20 or fewer total slaves.

27.   True of False. As a result of colonial regulation and administration, the economies of England and America were similar.

28.   Which of the following accurately describe the style of preaching employed by evangelical ministries in colonial America?

They employed a highly theatrical style with both verbal and nonverbal elements.

Sermons sometimes included vivid and terrifying depictions of eternal damnation.

They enjoyed enormous appeal among a wide variety of audiences.

29.   In Anglo-French conflict in North America, the primary advantage of the British was having a greater number of subjects on the continent.

30.   The Spanish were most concerned about settlers from which country moving south into California? Russia

31.   Compared with slaves in the low country, those of Virginia and other areas around Chesapeake Bay were less densely concentrated, and had more contact with whites.

32.   Which of the following consequences of Spanish colonization forced the local Indian populations to abandon their villages? Displacement of native plants caused by overgrazing and disease epidemics.

33.   Spanish law required inherited property to be split evenly among the sons and daughters of the deceased.

34.   In theory, under England’s “balanced constitution”, the Crown and Parliament represented all levels of English society.

35.   Which of the following advantages made the Comanches such formidable warriors?

Control of the bet areas for bison hunting

Access to French weaponry from Louisiana

Extensive horse-riding skills

36.   Which English political institution were colonial assemblies thought to imitate? The Crown

37.   In 1739 the Stono Rebellion, the largest slave insurrection of the colonial era, occurred in the British colony of South Carolina.

38.   Why did colonial assemblies generally prevail over royal governors? Governors lacked the resources to “buy” the loyalty of assemblymen.

39.   They “boy preacher” whose 1739-41 tour of the North American colonies extended the evangelical awakening to new regions was George Whitefield.

40.   According the “rational Christianity”, God’s greatest gift to humanity was reason.

41.   Which of the following is not an example of a way in which women often found economic opportunities in seaport cities? Women organized in groups to demand higher wages and shorter hours.

42.   Colonists settled the backcountry of British North American because they needed farmland.

43.   Charleston -> Indigo and Rice.  Philadelphia -> Wheat and Livestock. Boston-> Fish and Timber.

44.   Which of the following best describes the production of goods in colonial American cities? They were produced by skilled craftsmen who specialized in a trade.

45.   About how many African Americans participated in the Stono Rebellion? 100

46.   As slave populations grew during the mid-eighteenth century, elaborate kinship networks gradually developed, often uniting slaves on different plantations.

47.   Which of the following best characterizes the experiences of the American common people? Most belonged to the “midding sorts”

48.   The French often settled their cultural and religious differences with the Indians through differences with the Indians through compromise, or what has been called the “middle ground” of French-Indian relations.

49.   The evangelical movement was controversial partly because women and African Americans were allowed to “exhort”, or testify in public about their faith.

50.   In the middle of the eighteenth century, slaves made up a majority of the population in Louisiana.

51.   The two most prestigious and lucrative occupations for women in eighteenth-century British North America were dressmaker and midwife.

52.   The earliest backcountry settlers moved into western Pennsylvania.

53.   Which of the following best characterizes the experiences of the American common people? Most belonged to the “midding sorts”

Chapter 6

1.       On what did the Stamp Act place a tax? All legal documents

2.       Colonists rejected the British idea of virtual representation, insisting instead on actual representation, whereby elected officials would be directly accountable to their constituents.

3.       Why did Britain leave a standing army in North America after the Seven Years’ War? Britain wished to consolidate its gains in the continent.

4.       John Dickinson of Philadelphia urged Americans to protest the Townshend Acts by consuming fewer imported English goods.

5.       What traits did the colonists consider to be “civic virtues?” Simplicity, self-reliance, and an unselfish commitment to the public good.

6.       The Sugar Act lowered the tariff on foreign molasses from six to three pence a gallon.

7.       Why did George Grenville attempt to reform the colonial customs system after 1763? He discovered that the colonial customs service paid out four times more in salaries than they collected.

8.       The quartering Act required colonists to accommodate British troops if they were stationed in their colony.

9.       What made the Stamp Act more infamous than the Sugar Act? It affected everyone, whereas the Sugar Act primarily affected New England merchants.

10.   In reaction to British troops’ presence in the city of Boston after the Liberty riot, most colonial legislatures decided to stop importing and consuming British goods.

11.   Grenville’s reforms gave which entity power to enforce any tax law? Admiralty courts

12.   The English politician William Pitt, noted for his arrogance and egotism, was known as the man who turned Britain’s fortune around in the Seven Years’ War.

13.   The Corsican freedom fighter Pascal Paoli was believed to have been “bought”, implying that most of Europe had become corrupt.

14.   According to John Locke, what did property guarantee? liberty

15.   George Grenville wanted to tax the American colonists because Britain’s national debt had doubled in the decade after 1754.

16.   In issuing the Proclamation in 1763, the British made use of natural barriers.

17.   In 1766, British officials decided to move their troops from the frontier to the cities in part to dampen opposition to the Revenue Act.

18.   In 1774, Parliament passed the Coercive Acts, known in the colonies as the “Intolerable Acts”.

19.   Why did American colonists resist Parliament’s desire to tax? They agreed that Parliament had some authority, but not to tax, since there was no direct representation.

20.   Which of the following was not a provision of the Sugar Act? Tariffs on imports would be raised across the board.

21.   True or False. Once government subsidies started as a result of the Stamp Act and the Sugar Act, the American economy underwent a serious economic recession.

22.   Many American colonists viewed the Coercive Acts as proof of a plot to enslave them.

23.   Which of the following was not part of the British government’s policy reversal that ultimately helped win victory in North America? Increased deployment of British troops to cities in the American colonies.

24.   The Virginia assembly approved some of the Virginia Resolves introduced by Patrick Henry, retaining the sole right to tax the colony’s citizens but stopping short of outright resistance.

25.   The Currency Act of 1764 was intended to prevent Americans from paying British traders in currency whose value had fallen to less than its face value.

26.   What was the purpose of Proclamation of 1763? To prohibit white settlement beyond the Appalachian Mountains.

27.   Why did some colonists become interested in the struggle for freedom elsewhere in Europe? They felt a kinship with freedom fighters throughout Europe

28.    What even led to Charles Townshend becoming the new minister? William Pitt’s failing health

29.   Thomas Paine believed that the battlers of Lexington and Concord committed colonists to the cause of rebellion.

30.   Which of the following was not a benefit of Britain’s decision to leave a standing army in North America? The British Empire would become less centralized.

31.   Even though resistance abated in the two years after the Boston Massacre colonists were still subjected to trial in admiralty courts, which operated without a jury.

32.   What evidence is there that British customs agents resorted to racketeering? Customs agents would often demand money in exchange for protection from fees and taxes.

33.   The war began because of a conflict over the Ohio River valley among the Indians, the English, and the French.

34.   What traits did the colonists consider to be “civic virtues?” Simplicity, self-reliance, and an unselfish commitment to public good.

35.   General Thomas Gage dissolved the Massachusetts legislature in 1774, but it re-formed on its own.

36.   In a Declaration of Rights and Grievances, written in October 1774, the colonists asserted the right to tax and legislate themselves.

37.   In his highly influential pamphlet Common Sense, Thomas Paine proclaimed the dawning of an age of republicanism, denounced monarchy, and called on Americans to revolt.

38.   Why did Pontiac decide to attack British forts west of Pittsburgh? He embraced Neolin’s call for a return to tradition and to send the white man back to his own land.

39.   The fall of what French fort isolated other forts located along the Great Lakes and Ohio valley? Fort Louisburg

40.   In the wake of Seven Years’ War, American colonialists and British officials had major differences of opinion on all of the following except loyalty to the British empire

41.   Colonists were concerned that the Stamp Act and Sugar Act would take away their rights as English men and women because they would be tried in admiralty courts.

42.   Why did British troops open hostilities with colonial militiamen? To seize arms and ammunition stored by the Provincial Congress

43.   Which strategy did Brigadier General Wolfe use in defeating the French at the Plains of Abraham? Scaling the city’s steep bluffs and inspiring Montcalm to fight him outside the city

44.   Why did some colonial newspapers misleadingly report that the Virginia assembly had approved all the Virginia Resolves against the Stamp Act? They were trying to get the rest of the colonies to endorse resistance

45.   In the 1760s a Lenni Lenape prophet named Neolin urged the tribes to resist the spread of white settlement and return to their native ways.

46.   What circumstance greatly increased the tensions that led to the Boston Massacre? The presence of 4,000 British redcoats among 15,000 Bostonians was unpopular.

47.   What was the intent of the Coercive Acts? To reassert Parliament’s authority in the colonies

48.   What was the signal that British troops had moved out of Boston? Two lamps hung from the steeple at Boston’s Christ Church

49.   Why did Britain’s Opposition believe the executive branch had become corrupted? A monarchy or an oligarchy could not be trusted with governing because of an appetite for power.

50.   King George III replaced George Grenville with the Marquis of Rockingham, who had no desire to enforce the Stamp Act.

51.   Among those who understood the potential of nonimporation were the artisans, who saw it as a way to spur domestic manufacturing.

52.   Virginia’s House of Burgesses took the lead in protesting the Stamp Act.

53.   When the Seven Years’ War ended, American colonists regarded themselves primarily as citizens of the British Empire.

54.   The commanding officer of the British as Lexington and Concord was Major John Pitcairn.

55.   Many American colonists viewed the Coercive Acts as proof of a plot to enslave them.

56.   What bothered American colonists the most about the Quebec Act? Bordering a British colony that had no representative assembly

57.   The Declaratory Act, which accompanied the repeal of the Stamp Act, asserted that Parliament had the power to make laws for the colonies “in all cases whatsoever”.

58.   Which of the following was an unintended consequence of the Stamp Act? It united the opposition to British rule in the American colonies

59.   Which professional groups organized the lower classes into mobs to protest the Stamp Act? Traders, lawyers, and artisans

60.   True of False. The committees of correspondence were established by Samuel Adams to reply promptly to legislation passed by Parliament.

 

Chapter 7

1.       What event emboldened the backcountry loyalists to take up arms against their rebel counterparts? The fall of Charleston in 1780

2.       In the Declaration of Independence, Thomas Jefferson though it was no longer necessary to claim “the rights of Englishmen,” because all men were endowed with natural rights by their Creator.

3.       The loyalists viewed the radicalism of American resistance as worse than British taxation.

4.       Which of the following statements about the war in the West are true?

One of the heroes of the way in the West was George Rogers Clark.

Compared to the war fought by the Continental Army in the North, the war in the West was a slideshow.

The war in the West included battles to capture the outposts at Kaskaskia and Vincennes.

5.       What prompted southern colonists to give their support to the rebels? The anger felt by many people at the treatment of colonists by British troops.

6.       A women’s organization known as the Daughters of Liberty supported independence by harassing outspoken loyalists. Daughters of Liberty

7.       Why did Charlestonians hang and then burn the body of a fee black named Thomas Jeremiah? He told other blacks that the British intended to free them.

8.       The British lost the support of loyalists in New Jersey because of their defeats at Princeton and Trenton and because of the nefarious actions of Hessian mercenaries.

9.       In the fall of 1776, Washington’s army moved southward across the colony of New Jersey before crossing the Delaware River into Pennsylvania.

10.   Of the following, which delegate to the Second Continental Congress was not on the committee to draft a declaration of independence? Patrick Henry

11.   The publication of Common Sense by Thomas Paine in January 1776 opened the way for congressional radicals to pursue independence.

12.   What did loyalists fear would happen as a result of divisions and instability in colonial society? Civil war

13.   The American diplomat Benjamin Franklin was able to sway French opinion toward America by means of his personal charisma.

14.   What best explains Cornwallis’s defeat at Yorktown?

 Clinton’s hesitation to send the British navy forced Cornwallis to concede defeat.

The French navy blockaded British troops.

15.   Why did Benedict Arnold defect to the side of the British? He was disgusted by the treatment of the Continental Army by Congress.

16.   What caused the shortage of food and housing in New York City during the winter of 1776-1777? The presence of a large army of British troops

17.   After the dispiriting winder at Valley Forge, the Continental Army received an unexpected boost from the Prussian soldier of fortune Baron von Steuben, who provided soldiers with much-needed military training.

18.   What did Greene perceive as he took command of the southern army? That he could not hold the field against the British.

19.   Why were British politicians confused about the “Olive Branch Petition?” It was written incoherently, allowing for too much ambiguity.

20.   Washington engaged General Howe twice, at Brandywine Creek and Germantown, hoping to prevent the British from occupying the rebel capital at Philadelphia.

21.   What agreement did the United States and Britain sign on September 3, 1783? Treaty of Paris

22.   The siege of Charleston began when Henry Clinton and his men arrived off the coast of which state? Georgia

23.   It is estimated that the combined British/Hessian army at the height of the American campaign equaled 80,000 troops.

24.   What two things led the army to curse their fellow citizens and Congress during the winter at Valley Forge? Congressional disorganization and civilian indifference

25.   True or False. While General John Burgoyne’s army was marching south from Quebec, New England militia forces assembled near Saratoga.

26.   What best explains the colonial outrage toward Britain as General Howe sought to take Philadelphia? Everywhere General Howe’s men went, people found their homes ransacked.

27.   Why did Washington barricade his army on Dorchester Heights in March 1776? He did not want to expose his army to an open-field confrontation with the British.

28.   After the siege of Charleston was complete, whom did Henry Clinton leave to take charge of the offensive toward Virginia? General Howe

29.   What argument did the American negotiators use to persuade France to approve the treaty? The Americans and French represented a united front against Britain.

30.   Whereas General Washington needed a strong Continental Army, most republican leaders in the Continental Congress believed that “citizen-soldiers”, who volunteered when necessary, were essential to the war effort.

31.   Soldiers in the British army came mostly from the lowest rungs of British society.

32.   Why was the defeat of General John Burgoyne at Saratoga a monumental disaster for the British? It convinced the French of the viability of the Americans’ cause.

33.   What was the goal of General William Howe and Lord George Germain in their strategy to take New York City? They hoped to either defeat Washington in a major engagement or cut American in two.

34.   In a bland mutiny, the Pennsylvania and New Jersey lines of the Continental Army marched on Philadelphia, where Congress had convened, in January 1781.

35.   How did most men in the colonies prefer to fight the British? As members of local militia units.

36.   In 1775, Virginia’s governor, Lord Dunmore, heightened the fears of whites by offering freedom to any slave who joined the British.

37.   What best explains the value of militias in the South? They were instrumental in preventing the British from restoring political control over the backcountry.

38.   Which of the following statements about the content of the Declaration of Independence is not correct? It attacked the institution of representative government.

39.   Why did Washington barricade his army on Dorchester Heights in March 1776? He did not want to expose his army to an open-field confrontation with the British.

40.   The German mercenary soldiers who helped the British during the American Revolution were called the Hessians.

41.   What created additional problems for American troops as they were besieging Quebec in 1775? A smallpox pandemic

42.   Which of the following was not a way in which women helped the army? They fought alongside the men in battle.

43.   After Horatio Gates was defeated at Camden, he was replaced by Nathaniel Greene.

44.   Even though Lord Cornwallis was victorious at the battle of Guilford Courthouse, the high number of casualties incurred by the British convinced him that victory in the Carolinas was unattainable.

45.   True or False. Courage and swift action allowed the Howe brothers to gain momentum in the first years of the Revolutionary War.

 

Chapter 8

1.       Rhode Island, the last state to ratify the new constitution, did so after James Madison had submitted a bill of rights to the new Congress.

2.       Following the American Revolution, the rights of women and African Americans were not considered by most republicans  because women and African Americans

 were considered inferior

did not own property

3.       The Northwest Territory was composed of land ceded to the national government by the states.

4.       Which of the following contributed to the unstable economic conditions after the war?

Wartime shortage of goods

Worthless paper currency

The loss of credit from Britain

5.       Thos Americans who were most opposed to ratifying the new Constitution were known as Antifederalists.

6.       The Bill of Rights was ratified within several years after the Constitution was ratified.

7.       In the post-revolutionary period, state constitutions tried to hold state legislators accountable to the people by

Calling for annual elections

Creating state courts appointed by elected legislators or governors

Requiring representative to live in their districts

8.       How did the war affect aspiring entrepreneurs? They enjoyed new opportunities everywhere.

9.       After the Revolution, Americans claimed territory as far west as the western slope of the Appalachian Mountains.

10.   According to republican ideology following the American Revolution, property was the key to independence and power.

11.   The Northwest Territory was largely made up the present-day states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin.

12.   Which of the following was not a provision of the Bill of Rights? Obligatory quartering of troops in private homes.

13.   The Jay-Gardoqui Treaty stipulated that the United States would relinquish all rights to the Mississippi River for 25 years.

14.   Which of the following were the most controversial issues at the Philadelphia convention of 1787?

Allocating congressional representation

Resolving the question of slavery

Deciding how political power should be divided between the state and national governments

15.   During the 1780s, representatives of the newer western districts in state legislatures tendedto be economically representative of their districts.

16.   The rebels who participated in Shays’s Rebellion believed that government existed to protect property.

17.   In 1786 Captain Daniel Shays led an armed rebellion demanding the abolition of the upper house of the Massachusetts state legislature and relief measures for debt-ridden farmers.

18.   Who disputed American western territorial claims? Both Europeans and Indians

19.   From the republican point of view, the most urgent problems confronting any government was how restrict executive power.

20.   Which of the following best describes the impact of the northwest ordinance on Indian tribes living in the region? By creating an orderly system for incorporating territory into the United States, it exacerbated geographical and social dislocations.

21.   Which of the following is true?

Revealed the strength of sectional loyalties

Helped highlight the necessity of altering the balance of power in the republic

22.   The Articles of Confederation granted the power to levy taxes to state governments.

23.   Antislavery societies in the North were first founded by the Quakers in 1775.

24.   Which of the following best describes the mission delegates to the May 1787 convention in Philadelphia initially hoped to accomplish? To strengthen the national government

25.   Under the Jay-Gardoqui Treaty, the United States would relinquish rights to the Mississippi River, and the Spanish would grant trading privileges to American merchants

26.   In the late 18^th century, the landed states were those states that had extensive western landholdings granted to them via royal charters.

27.   Those who opposed the new constitution for the United States called for a bill of rights to protect individuals’ rights against a strengthened central government.

28.   In post-revolutionary America, women found that their rights remained severely limited.

29.   Which of the following best describe the republican toward executive power? distrusful

30.   Which of the following best describes the dispute between landed and landless states? Landless states wanted Congress to restrict the boundaries of landed states.

31.   Which of the following was not a factor that contributed to discontent among Massachusetts farmers in 1786? The relief package passed by the lower house of the Massachusetts state legislature.

32.   James Madison’s vision for the government and structure of the United States can best e described as a national republic.

33.   Most of the delegates to the Philadelphia convention of May 1787 were from elite backgrounds with extensive political experience.

34.   True of False. In post-revolutionary America, men who had once accepted a humble social status became animated by a new sense of social identity and ambitions.

35.   “Seduction literature” consisted of books, magazines, and newspapers that promoted the chastity of women.

36.   Under the United States would relinquish rights to the Mississippi River, and the Spanish would grant trading privileges to American merchants.

37.   Which of the following is true?

Revealed the strength of sectional loyalties.

Helped highlight the necessity of altering the balance of power in the republic.

38.   According to the terms of the Northwest Ordinance of 1787, the area

Was allowed a single representative to Congress who could not vote.

39.   Antislavery societies in the North were first founded by the Quakers in 1775. Quakers

40.   Most women of the revolutionary period agreed that the appropriate female domain was the domestic sphere.

41.   In the decade after the American Revolution, the gap between rich and poor increased.

42.   Which of the following did the British do after signing the Treaty of Paris? Maintained forts and trading posts within the US northwestern frontier.

43.   In 1785 the Northwest Territory was surveyed and divided by Congress into six-square mile townships.

44.   Which of the following best describes the impact of the Revolution on women? Women discovered their own skills and resourcefulness by running family farms and businesses.

45.   James Madison argued that a system of checks and balances would prevent any branch of the national government from exceeding its authority.

46.   In the post-revolutionary years, the Spanish attempted to strengthen their influence in North America by forging alliances with whom? The Indians

47.   Which of the following was not a socioeconomic change precipitated by independence? The entrenched elites of the eastern seaboard dominated the economy and politics of the Union.

48.   True of False. The founding fathers believed that a single national republic was preferable to a federation of small state republics.

49.   In pre-revolutionary America, the clergy of established religious denominations were supported by taxes.

50.   The Northwest Ordinance did not grant civil rights to the Indian tribes who lived in the region.

51.   Which of the following best describes the impact of private speculation on the development of the Northwest Territory? The Northwest Ordinance was substituted for Jefferson’s plan.

52.   In 1784 Spain sought to strengthen its position in North America by closing the Mississippi River to American navigation.

53.   James Madison, along with Alexander Hamilton and John Jay, responded to Anti-Federalist concerns in a series of essays known as the Federalist Papers.

54.   Which of the following was not a reason the founding fathers believed the government of the United States should be republican in form?  A federation of small state republics was more likely to become indifferent to the concerns of citizens.

55.   Which of the following was an important republican reform? The dismantling of state-supported churches.

56.   British imperial intrigues contributed to Congress’s decision to grant statehood to which colony? Vermont.

 

Chapter 9

1.       Which of the following facilitated the campaign for pan-Indian unity? Concerns about the loss of Indian rivalries.

2.       In spite of their differences, the Republicans and Federalists agreed on which of the following points?

Rejection of the two-party system

A view of their opponents as dangerous, greedy schemers who would sacrifice liberty to benefit themselves.

Skepticism concerning the idea that political parties could resolve their differences.

3.       In voting for the declaration of war in 1812, members of Congress from the South and West hoped to seize additional territory in Canada and Florida.

4.       Which of the following was a consequence of white expansion of Indian tribes? A crippling dependency on white trade goods.

5.       By 1796 even the most minor matters facing Congress were decided by partisan votes.

6.       What were the two principal sources of government revenue under Jefferson’s administration?

Land Sales

Tariff Duties

7.       Which of the following was an issue on which Adams agreed with the Federalists? His own role as head of the party.

8.       Federalists typically viewed themselves as opposing the excesses of democracy.

9.       Which of the following was a condition that encouraged the emergence of political parties in the early republic? Widespread property ownership

10.   Which of the two groups of people lacked political influence in the early republic? African Americans and Indians.

11.   Despite the fact that the issues initially dividing supporters of the Constitution were domestic in nature, what pushed the nation even further toward the creation of political parties was the revolution in France.

12.   Which of the following best describes the significance of the Louisiana Purchase? It effectively doubled the territory of the United States.

13.   True of False. Even after the Treaty of Ghent had ended hostilities between the British and the Americans, the British refused to sever their ties with western Indian tribes. False

14.   Northwest Indian tribes ceded the southern two-thirds of the area between Lake Erie and the Ohio River in the Treaty of Greenville.

15.   The type of economy that revolves around the sale of goods and services in markets is known as a commercial economy.

16.   Which of the following was a proposal of Hamilton’s financial program? To have the federal governments assume the debt burdens of the states.

17.   Which of the following constituted major areas of differences among farmers in the early republic?

Volume of crops grown

Regional Identity

Crops Grown

18.   Which of the following was a rare occurrence during parades and holiday celebrations? Exhortations to transcend narrow party loyalties.

19.   According to Jefferson, domestic concerns would be most competently administrated by the states.

20.   Which of the following best identifies how party affiliation spread in the 1790s? From the national to the local level.

21.   The western disease that was most destructive to Indian tribes was smallpox.

22.   As a result of the Battle of Tippecanoe, Tecumseh became convinced that the best way to inhibit white settlement was to play the Americans off the British.

23.   The vote in Congress for a declaration of war against Britain was almost entirely along party lines.

24.   True or False. After the declaration of war on Britain, Congress moved quickly to levy taxes in order to finance the war. False

25.   The highly controversial Sedition Act established heavy fines and punishments for writing, speaking, or publishing anything of “a false, scandalous and malicious” nature against the government or its officers.

26.   In terms of geography, the Federalists were the most powerful and influential party in what region? New England

27.   Which of the following statements correctly describes the distribution of wealth in semi-subsistence economy? Though wealth is not distributed equally, differences between rich and poor are small.

28.   Which American politician maintained that in spite of the violence and other excesses it unleashed, the French Revolution was spreading the doctrine of liberty? Thomas Jefferson

29.   Which of the following were major points of disagreement between John Adams and Alexander Hamilton?

Adam’s behavior as president

Hamilton’s behavior as a former cabinet member

Party leadership

30.   In 1797, when the French foreign minister demanded a bribe in order to negotiate with American representatives over French attacks on American shipping, the incident became known as the XYZ Affair.

31.   Which of the following was not a significant factor spurring the rise of political parties during the early years of the republic? Advertising that demonized opponents of political parties.

32.   Which of the following best describes John Adams’s view of, and relationship to, the Federalist party? Though as president he was the leading Federalist, he disagreed with the party on several key economic and foreign-policy issues.

33.   In 1800, as Federalists looked back on their 12 years in power, their pride in the stability, prosperity, and neutrality fostered by their party was overshadowed by fear that they had ultimately lost the battle for America’s future to the undisciplined rabble, led by Jefferson and the Republicans.

34.   Although the Treaty of Greenville in 1795 opened up a vast area to settlement, Federalists sought to restrict western settlement by keeping land prices high and requiring a minimum purchase of 640 acres.

35.   The salient issues underlying the organization of the Republican party were disputes over Jay’s Treaty and a tax on whiskey.

36.   Which of the following best describes the Republican attitude toward government power? Fearful Suspicion

37.   Which of the following was not emphasized in most parades and holiday celebrations held in the late 1700s and early 1800s? Nonpartisanship

38.   Which of the following was a provision of the Alien and Sedition Acts? The president was authorized to deport aliens suspected of treasonous sentiment.

39.   In making the Louisiana Purchase, Jefferson was troubled by the fact that the Constitution did not authorize the acquisition of territory by treaty.

40.   Which of the following was not one of the major negative consequences of white expansion for Indian tribes? Lack of consumer goods.

41.   Jefferson’s program of “peaceable coercion” was intended to protect the rights of neutrals without entering into war.

42.   Which of the following was a legacy of Federalist power? The return of economic prosperity

43.   Which of the following statements concerning American relations with France during Adams’ presidency is incorrect? At the time of Adams’ presidency, the French maintained a significant military presence in North America.

44.   What two means did Jefferson and the Republicans use to encourage westward expansion?

Reducing minimum tract size

Offering land on credit

45.   Many white in the first wave of western settlement were squatters, people without legal title to the land they occupied.

46.   Jefferson surprised friend and foe alike when he not only retained but also expanded the national bank.

47.   Which of the following best characterizes the outcome of Hamilton’s financial program? An economic success

48.   Jefferson encouraged sales of goods to Indians on credit as a means of luring them into debt, the accumulation of which would eventually force them to sell their land.

49.   Which of the following was not a means by which the British violated American rights as neutrals under international law? The surprise evacuation of western forts.

50.   Which of the following was a condition that encouraged the emergence of political parties in the early republic? Widespread property ownership

51.   Although at one time Jefferson boldly condemned slavery, in later years he reproached critics of the institution who sought to prevent its expansion to western territories.

52.   Jefferson and others of the revolutionary generation condemned political parties as narrow interest groups that placed loyalty to themselves above a concern for the public good.

53.   The arrival of the Hartford Convention representatives in Washington coincided with new of Andrew Jackson’s victory.

54.   Which of the following was the leading cause of population growth among white Americans between 1790 and 1820? Natural Increase

55.   The leading role in coordinating the Federalist party was assumed by Alexander Hamilton

56.   Because Hamilton believed that human nature was intrinsically selfish, he sought to link the interests of the wealthy with those of the new government.

57.   What two means did Jefferson and the Republicans use to encourage westward expansion?

Reducing minimum tract size

Offering land on credit

58.   Which of the following was an issue on which Adams agreed with the Federalists? His own role as head of the party.

59.   Which of the following did politically active African Americans fail to do? Create the first African American political party

60.   Which of the following best describes Jefferson’s attitude toward suffrage? It should be restricted to property owners.

61.   Which of the following best characterizes the role of newspapers in the political culture of the new republic? Newspaper editors were openly partisan, and their publications reflected that fact.

62.   Which of the following components of the Federalists’ economic program did Jefferson eliminate? The imposition and levying of internal taxes.

63.   Which of the following best characterizes the key social division in early republican America? The economic divide between semi-subsistence and commercial economies.

64.   Among the events commemorated by African Americans in the early years of the republic was the successful slave revolt in Haiti.

65.   Which of the following facilitated the campaign for pan-Indian unity? Concerns about the loss of Indian lands.

66.   The Judiciary Act of 1789 set the number of members of the US Supreme Court at six.

67.   Which of the following does not describe the Indian role in the War of 1812? The Indians were able to unify their forces to fight against the Americans.

68.   Which of the following statements regarding congressional approval of Hamilton’s financial program is incorrect? Congress approved all details of Hamilton’s financial program.

69.   While Federalists feared the West as a threat to order and stability, Jefferson hoped that westward expansion would transform the United States into “an empire of liberty”.

70.   Americans who feared concentrations of power and mistrusted cities tended to support semi-subsistence, or barter, economies.

71.   As a result of the Battle of Tippecanoe, Tecumseh became convinced that the best way to inhibit white settlement was to play the Americans off the British.

72.   Partisan repression that came about after the passage of the 1798 acts prompted the Republicans to develop a broader interpretation of freedom of the press.

73.   Which of the following does not describe Jefferson’s policies toward Indian tribes? He encouraged them to maintain their traditional culture and values.

Chapter 10

1.       By 1840 cotton from the South accounted for 66% of American exports.

2.       The panic of 1819 was the first, and biggest, of the nineteenth-century depressions.

3.       Which of the following is true of James Madison? As president he supported the charter of the Second Bank of the United States.

4.       True of False. The best chance for social mobility that most skilled or unskilled workers could achieve in the mid-1800s was to move up a rung or two on the social ladder.

5.       Which of the following was not true of railroads? Railroad rates were lower than steamboat rates.

6.       American farmers benefited when Europe was at war.

7.       Which of the following was not part of the new American identity in the early nineteenth century? Organized Labor

8.       By 1850 almost of all free Americans who were born in the United States lived in a different state from where they had been born.

9.       The pressure to increase profits and productivity led the owners of textile mills to increase the workloads and cut the pay of the workers.

10.   The Panic of 1819 was caused by the collapse of cotton prices.

11.   All of the following were ardent nationalist eager to use federal power to promote rapid development after the War of 1812 except Thomas Jefferson.

12.   In the mid-nineteeth century, middle-class workers tended to view success as reflected by the number of material goods they owned.

13.   The primary advantage of a growing transportation network was decreased travel times for goods and people across the country.

14.   True of False. The best chance for social mobility that most skilled workers could achieve in the mid-1800s was to move up a rung or two on the social ladder.

15.   Which of the following was not part of the new American identity in the early nineteenth century? Organized labor.

16.   Which two of the following occupations in the mid-nineteenth century can be described as middle-class positions that afforded greater social mobility?

Shop Bookkeeper

Bank Clerk

17.   In 1834 individual unions of carpenters, printers, and tailors came together to form the National Trades’ Union.

18.   Every mill town had waterfall jumpers, daredevils who developed their own survival techniques.

19.   The primary result of the boon-and-bust cycles for most Americans was that they came to see prosperity as temporary.

20.   In the nineteenth century, as the United States had no legally recognized aristocracy or strict class lines, one of the greatest symbols of status became material goods.

21.   The primary push for expansion of the population westward was the sale of public land by the federal government.

22.   What was the primary cause of the dramatic rise in the US population after 1815? Increased Immigration

23.   Growth of the domestic market in the nineteenth century was spurred by a key even, the War of 1812.

24.   Between 1800 and 1850, the ratio of farmers to urban dwellers decreased.

25.   By 1860, 5% of American families owned more than 50% of the country’s wealth.

26.   Daring feats performed by Sam Patch and others were acts of protests against the replacement of skilled arts by machine labor.

27.   The growth of factories resulted in women producing fewer goods at home.

28.   Which of the following was true about female workers in the Lowell mill system?

They lived in company boardinghouses.

Their personal behavior was closely monitored.

They generally worked twelve hours a day, six days a week.

29.   How did the rise of factories affect workers?

Worker’s status in the community declined.

Workers and management became sharply divided.

30.   How did the spread of factories affect the role of women in the family unit? Women produced fewer goods at home than they had before the spread of factories.

31.   In 1847 Robert Hoe and his son Richard perfected the power press, which revolutionized journalism.

32.   Who bought most of the public land sold b the US government in the West? Land Speculators

33.   The primary change after 1815 in producing goods was the rise of the factory system, with machine-made goods.

34.   In Gibbons v. Ogden, Chief Justice John Marshall rules that the federal government had the right to regulate interstate commerce during peacetime.

35.   Which of the following was a result of the Panic of 1837? The growing labor movement was weakened.

36.   How did changes in communication and transportation affect agricultural producers?

Their goods could be linked to distant markets.

They were less dependent on bartering their goods.

They could rely on others to bring their goods to distant markets.

37.   Which of the following is true of the factory system? It used and manipulated natural resources as it saw fit, transforming the local environment.

38.   The first instantaneous communication system was the telegraph.

39.   One of the most serious problems for the labor movement was that the workers could not overcome their own racial, social, religious, and ethnic divisions.

40.   The natural resource that the Lowell mills used most extensively and whose use had the greatest impact on the surrounding region was water.

41.   Why was a national communications system important to the development of a truly national economy? It delivered information between producers and buyers separated by long distances.

42.   Which of the following is true of the factory system? It used and manipulated natural resources as it saw fit, transforming the local environment.

Chapter 11

1.       What proportion of white males during the Jacksonian era never acquired property? About 20%

2.       Which of the following legal rights were denied to free blacks in many states outside the South?

Testifying against whites in court.

Taking any seat on a train.

Entering some hotels and restaurants.

Serving on juries.

3.       In Webster’s view, the federal government had sovereign powers in those areas where it had been delegated responsibility.

4.       In Jackson’s view, the National Bank had no constitutional legitimacy.

5.       Which of the following did Biddle do after Jackson’s reelection?

Continued to agitate for a new bank charter and tinkered with markets to the detriment of the national economy.

Caused the nation to undergo a financial panic.

6.       A tariff is a tax imposed by a given nation on goods imported from other nations.

7.       Because most Americans belonged to this occupational group. Both the Whig and Democratic parties tuned their messages to appeal to farmers.

8.       How did women participate in the campaign of 1840?

They gave speeches.

They attended rallies.

They wrote campaign literature.

9.       One Indian tribe, the Cherokee, adopted a written constitution in order to ward off expulsion from their land.

10.   In regard to “equality”, most Americans agreed that the government was responsible for safeguarding opportunity.

11.   How did Andrew Jackson’s experiences as a planter in Tennessee affect his attitude toward removal of the Indians from their lands east of the Mississippi River?

He wished to seize their land for other white planters.

He recognized the agricultural value of their land.

12.   A group of Seminole Indians led by Osceola successfully hid out in the Florida Everglades for many years before their removal by US troops.

13.   Despite the importance of the market throughout the United States, the South continued to specialize in agriculture and farming.

14.   True of False. The financial crisis of 1833 convinced Biddle that he should seek a compromise with Jackson.

15.   According to politician John Calhoun, the states retained their sovereignty despite their decision to ratify the Constitution and enter the Union.

16.   What did the Force Bill do? Reaffirmed the president’s power as commander in chieft of the armed forces.

17.   To combat white encroachment, some Indian tribes passed laws preventing members from selling their land to whites.

18.   The fact that the National Bank often held bank notes from the states gave it the power to control the currency issued by state banks, thus regulating the amount of cash in circulation.

19.   To weakened the national bank, Jackson had treasury secretary Roger Taney do which of the following? Withdraw government funds from the national bank and deposit then in state banks.

20.   A key difference between Whigs and Democrats was that Whigs believed the government should be active in economic and social affairs.

21.   In 1832 Nicholas Biddle did which of the following?

Applied for renewal of the national bank’s charter

Supported Henry Clay instead of Andrew Jackson in the presidential campaign.

22.   According to Daniel Webster, sovereignty within the Union rested with the people.

23.   Which of these statements would a Whig have been likely to make?

“The market economy must not be feared”

“Farmers and bankers will both benefit from economic growth”

“A well-regulated economy is good for all social classes”

24.   The primary way that the National Bank controlled state economies was by controlling the availability of credit.

25.   During the Jacksonian Age of the Common man,women and African Americans did not have the right to vote.

26.   A group of Seminole Indians led by Osceola successfully hid out in the Florida Everglades for many years before their removal by US troops.

27.   Which of the following did Jackson believe about the executive branch?

The president should veto bills that might be bad policy in addition to bills that might be unconstitutional.

The president should be responsible to the American people.

28.   Which of the following best characterizes Jackson’s understanding of economics? He understood the nation’s political situation better than its economic situation.

29.   How, primarily, did US citizens plan to use the Indian lands east of the Mississippi? Cotton cultivation.

30.   Southern states, led by Georgia, demanded that the US government.  Clear the titles of agricultural lands currently held by Indian tribes.

31.   In a direct challenge to Jackson, Biddle applied for a new bank charter at the height of the 1832 presidential campaign.

32.   The Whigs generally found supporters among

Planters who wished to sell their crops.

Businesspeople and others involved in the market.

33.   Aside from military campaigns undertaken by Indians in Illinois and Florida in the 1830s, significant resistance to removal had subsided by 1842.

34.   Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between white industrial workers and blacks in the North? White workers, seeking to maintain or improve their social status, opposed a prominent role for blacks in the labor force.

35.   Among the Cherokees, mixed-bloods led by John Ross argued for adopting white ways to stave off removal from their lands.

36.   As Jackson became increasingly wealthy in the 1810s and 1820s, he remained uninterested in the operation of national economies.

37.   Presidential candidate Andrew Jackson was a perfect example of the new style of successful politician because of his humble origins and later exploits as a businessman and military leader.

38.   Which of the following most accurately describes the reason why many US citizens and leaders coveted Indian lands in the 1820s? Access to Indian lands east of the Mississippi River would be boon to southern cotton farmers.

39.   In the North, how much of the total population was made up of free blacks? A small fraction

40.   Though most prominent politicians continued to come from the upper classes, middle-class white men exercised an increasingly important role in politics through voting and membership in political parties.

41.   What convinced Americans that the government had a responsibility of improving the economy? The depression following the Panic of 1819.

42.   The lasting significance of the election of 1824 was that it eroded public confidence in the original party system and led to broader popular participation in national elections.

43.   Which of the following statements describes white society in the North?

Less prosperous whites were more likely to exhibit racism.

It was divided between those who owned land and those who did not.

44.   The growth of government influenced party politics because new public bureaucracies created jobs often staffed by party loyalists.

45.   As coherent party platforms became regular features of election campaigns, the link between politicians and the desires of their constituencies became stronger.

46.   As Jackson characterized it in his Farewell Address, removal was beneficial for the Indians because whites could no longer harass Indians, and Indians would benefit from government care.

47.   Which of the following statements best describes Jackson’s philosophy concerning federal management of the national economy? Central control of the economy would enrich bankers at the expense of most Americans.

48.   What was the purpose of the free black leader David Walker’s Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World (1829)? To encourage slaves to use violence to end slavery.

49.   With regard to nullification, the response of most southern states was generally negative.

50.   Between 1824 and 1832, federal tariff rates on imported goods were increased.

Chapter 12

1.       What strategy did the organizers of the American Temperance Society employ to reduce alcohol consumption? They formed local societies comprised of people who voluntarily pledged not to drink alcohol.

2.       Which of the following were leaders in both women’s rights AND the abolitionist movements?

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Abby Kelly

Grimke Sisters

Lucretia Mott

3.       Protestant reject the Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation, or the belief that bread and wine consecrated by a priest literally become the body and blood of Jesus Christ.

4.       Which statement best describes the relationship between gender and evangelical church membership between gender and evangelical church membership in the early to mid-nineteenth century? Women typically joined evangelical churches before men.

5.       The movement of the 1830s and 1840s that emphasized feeling over reason and the spiritual communion with nature is called Transcendentalism.

6.       Which of the following beliefs is associated with evangelical Protestantism of the first half of the nineteenth century? Individuals can secure their own salvation through pious behavior and faith.

7.       Which of the following are Mormon practices or beliefs that set the religion apart from most forms of Christianity?

Polygamy

Eternal Marriage

Baptism for the Dead

8.       The European movement that came about as a reaction to the Enlightenment and that emphasized emotion, the individual, and nature is called Romanticism.

9.       True  or False. Many middle-class women who tried to live up to the ideal of domesticity found it confining because they had too much leisure time.

10.   Which of the following statements about the women’s rights and abolitionist movements are correct?

Many advocates of women’s rights identified with slaves as victims of male tyranny.

Female abolitionists were criticized for speaking to audiences that included both men and women.

Divisions over the issue of women’s rights led to a split within the abolitionist movement.

11.   Lewis Tappan led the effort to found the American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society.

12.   Which of the following best describes how conservative abolitionists wanted to end the institution of slavery? Gradually, by raising money and lobbying established institutions like churches.

13.   The name of William Lloyd Garrison’s abolitionist newspaper was The Liberator.

14.   Which of the following is not a distinctive tenet of Catholicism? Belief in an imminent millennium.

15.   What position on slavery did the leaders of black evangelical churches in the urban North typically take? The opposed slavery.

16.   Among which of the following groups would one be unlikely to find abolitionists?

Businesspeople

Agnostics

Older People

City Dwellers

17.   Which of the following statements best describes how Whig politicians best describes how Whig politicians initially responded to reformers?

They did not embrace reform because they had to balance the needs of supporter with different ideas of evangelicalism, slavery, and other issues.

18.   In 1836 the House of Representatives passed a law that prohibited the discussion of slavery on the floor of the House. This law known as the gag rule.

19.   How did early nineteenth-century evangelical leaders like Lyman Beecher differ from the next generation of evangelical leaders? They were not particularly concerned with political issues.

20.   Which of the following best describes the relationship between Romanticism and Transcendentalism? They were similar movements, but Romanticism developed in Europe before Transcendentalism developed in the United States.

21.   In 1836 a group of Protestant ministers published a grotesque account of life in a Catholic convent under the name “Maria Monk”.

22.   In which of the following locations did the black church thrive in the early to mid-nineteenth century? In the North.

23.   Which of the following best describes William Lloyd Garrison’s position on slavery? It is a moral evil and should be abolished immediately.

24.   The Schism of 1840 was a break within abolitionist ranks.

25.   Which of these statements adheres to early Mormon theology? The ancient church should be restored.

26.   Lawyers, merchants, and manufactures’ were under pressure to succeed in the North market economy.

27.   The European movement that came about as a reaction to the Enlightenment and that emphasized emotion, the individual, and nature is called Romanticism.

28.   Why were many women, such as farmers’ wives and women in lower-class families, unable to make the “ideal of domesticity” the center of their lives? They had to work outside the home.

29.   Which of the following was a core belief of the Transcendentalists? One should rise sipirtually above the material world.

30.   Which two of the following US presidents were Unitarians?

Thomas Jefferson

John Adams

31.   Which statements best describes the shift that evangelical Protestants underwent in the first half of the nineteenth century? They began to try to reform society’s social ills.

32.   Which of the following statements about conservative abolitionists is not accurate? They agreed with William Lloyd Garrison on most issues.

33.   By the 1840s many women felt that their effectiveness in the temperature and abolitionist movements was limited because they did not have the right to vote.

34.   One of the goals of Brook Farm was for members of the community to live a life free of pressure from competitive institutions.

35.   True of False. Harriet Beecher Stowe was the daughter of the abolitionist Henry Ward Beecher.

36.   Which of the following statements best describes the effect of the antislavery movement on the political-party system of the United States? It weakened the party system because it created regional divisions within parties.

37.   Which of the following was the most important independent black evangelical church formed in the nineteenth century? African Methodist Episcopal

38.   Which of the following were characteristics of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints shared by evangelical churches?

An emphasis on hard work, thrift, and self-control.

The belief that Christ would return to rule the world.

The idea that salvation was available to all.

39.   What most inspired the poet Walt Whitman? The common people.

40.   What did Henry David Thoreau do to prepare to write his classic book Walden (1854)? He lived in near solitude for 16 months.

41.   Which of the following were measures used by Charles Grandison Finney in drawing individuals to his faith?

Praying sinners by name.

Holding protracted and emotionally charged meetings.

Encouraging women to testify in public.

42.   Why was the temperance movement appealing to business owners? They wanted sober workers.

43.   Which statement best describes the trend in per capita alcohol consumption from the Revolutionary Wary through the mid-nineteenth century? It increased dramatically to peak in the mid-1830s and fell to pre-Revolutionary War levels thereafter.

44.   Which of the following statements about men and women in Shaker congregations is not correct? Men and women socialized freely.

45.   Which of the following aspects of Leaves of Grass was not remarkable or unusual to readres in 1855? It was a book-length collection of shorter poems.

46.   Book Farm was one of the many utopian communities established as an example to the world of how people should live and work together.

47.   Frederick Douglass was the most prominent of the free African Americans who led the abolitionist movement.

48.   True of False. The American Anti-Slavery Society and the American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society were sister organizations that worked together to fight slavery in different regions.

49.   Which statements best represents the view of Catharine Beecher and other evangelical proponents of women’s education in the first half of the nineteenth century? Women should learn how to impart moral guidance to their offspring.

50.   The temperance issue influenced party switching and brought to the polls a number of “wets,” who wanted to preserve their right to drink.

51.   By 1850, Catholics made up 8% of the US population.

52.   What did Henry David Thoreau argue in Walden (1854)? One could be independent only without material goods.

53.   Why did members of the American Anti-Slavery Society break away to form the American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society? They believed that abolitionism should not be linked with feminism.

54.   True of False. Temperance was far more divisive than slavery on the national political stage.

55.   Which statement best defines the ideal “domesticity” that emerged in the first half of the nineteenth century? The elevation of wives and mothers as the keepers of the home.

56.   The earliest Catholic immigrants in the United States were French Canadian.

57.   Which of the following were reasons why socialism failed in the United States in the 1830s and 1840s?

Available land was too cheap.

General wages were too high.

The sense of Individualism was too strong.

58.   Which term best expresses the movement toward private domestic life and piety among the middle class in Europe during the nineteenth century? Victorianism.

59.   What did the Maine Law do? It outlawed the manufacture and sale of alcohol in the state of Maine and imposed stiff fines for doing so.

60.   Why was Elijah Lovejoy murdered in Alton, Illinois? He refused to stop publishing antislavery views.

61.   William Lloyd Garrison and other radical abolitionists supported the formation of the abolitionist Liberty Party as an alternative to the existing political parties.

62.   Which of the following was a key demand of the 1848 Seneca Falls Convention’s Declaration of Sentiments? The right of women to own property.

63.   How did revivalists keep their followers engaged? By setting up charitable organizations and reform societies.

Chapter 13

1.       Where were sugar plantation sint he United States typically located? Southern Louisiana

2.       Planters in the tidewater area durin gth eantebellum period

Built substantial mansions in the greek revival style.

Aspired to emulate the English country gentleman

Were the source of the legendary image of the “old south”

3.       The labor system in which slaves worked at their own pace in order to fulfill a daily quota of work was known as the task system.

4.       Slaves on small farms typically worked beside their owners.

5.       The white southern aristocracy in the antebellum period was made up of

The “planters of consequence” who owned at least 50 slaves.

A small fraction of the white population.

6.       The poorest whites typically lived in windowless log cabins and were often squatters without title to the land they were on.

7.       In the antebellum south, north Carolina, florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, and teas did not cotain a single city with a population of 10,000.

8.       Slaves were sometimes permitted to

Earn money by working for others besides their masters.

Work in nonagricultural jobs

Purchase the freedom of their relatives.

9.       By time the civil war bega, almost a third of the total cotton crop came from planatation west of the Mississippi river.

10.   Why did the whigs gain support in the south in 1836? Southers voters felt thye could not trust the nortern demoractic nominee for president. Martin Van Buren, on the salvery question.

11.   A slavehorlder in the tidewater area likely valued which of the following ? classic architecture, gentlemanly manners, family lineage.

12.   Tobacco and rice had been grown in the atlantic tidewater for 150 to 200 years.

13.   In the 1820s and 1830s, white southerners became more aggressive in defending the institution of slavery.

14.   Why did the economy of the lower south turn to cotton cultivation in the antebellum period? Northern and European industrialization increased the demand for cotton.

15.   The labor system in which slaves worked in small group of 20 to 25 under the supervision of an overseer was called the gang system.

16.   Church services for slaves were

often organized by masters

a way for masters to promote good behavior among slaves.

17.   What percentage of white southerners either owned slaves or were members of slaveholding families by 1860? 25 percent.

18.   In 1836 the democrats nominated the northerner martin van buren, whom the whigs contended could not be counted on to protect slavery.

19.   Which group did proslavery ideologues seek to influence with their arguments? Southern slaveholders.

20.   To stop the spread of antislavery propaganda, southerners

Destroyed antislavery presses

Carefully chose textbooks and faculty in southern schools

Closed the mail system to abolitionist materials

21.   According to frederickdouglass, the slave songs represent “the sorrows” of the slave’s heart.

22.   True or False. Most slaves rejected Christianity and firmly embraced African religious tradidions and voodoo .

23.   Which of the following was not a way that slaves marked marriages? Inventing folktales to symbolize the event.

24.   Which of these characterized the lives of most slaves?

Lower life expectancy than other Americans.

Inadequate clothing

Rough, drafty shelter

Long working hours.

25.   For plantation owners, which of the following was a drawback of the gang system? Gangs required the supervision of overseers and drivers.

26.   What happenred to the price of cotton after the war of 1812? Itincreased dramatically.

27.   Wich contributed to low literacy rates in the south?

Wealthy planters hired tutors for their children instead of supporting public schools for all.

The rural nature of society meant that education was considered less important.

28.   In which economic sector did more than three-fourths of southern laborere work in 1860? Agriculture.

29.   True or false. In the antebellum period, most yeoman farmers owned their own land but did not own slaves.

30.   Which event did not influence the way that southerners talked about slavery? The panic of 1837

31.   Which of the following is true about slave family life? Slaves were expected to choose a partner and establish family life.

32.   Central Alabama was known as the black belt region because of its dark, rich soil.

33.   Which of the following statements accurately describe the clothing worn by slaves?

Slaves clothing was made of rough, cheap cloth.

Slaves received a couple of outfits and a pair of shoes each year

34.   Which group of slaves experienced the greatest fluidity between slavery and freedom? Watermen

35.   Which of the following are true statements about runaway salves?

Slaves sometimes ran away to protest their treatment

Avoiding punishments was one reason slaves ran away.

36.   Which of the following were forms of slave resistance?

Faking illness

Performing subpar work

Stealing the master’s provisions

Mistreating the property of a slave owner

Running away

37.   Which of the following are true statement about Grabriel Prosser’s rebellion.

It involved a plan to capture the governor of Virginia.

It failed after a few slaves betrayed the plot

Prosser and other leaders were caught and killed.

38.   Cotton growers in the south moved westward in order to make money by acquiring more fertile land.

39.   Which of the following are true statements about the agricultural system in the south?

It was a unifying force in the region.

It benefited from the warm climate and long growing season.

It was based on the institution of slavery.

40.   In which of these state was rice typically cultivated? South Carolina.

41.   Yeoman farmers

Aspired to be part of the planter class

Often agreed with the planter class regarding the institution of slavery

42.   The idea that the male slave owner was the master of his family and his slaves and that he was responsible for their well-being was known as paternalism.

43.   How did southern whites feel after nat turner’s rebellion of 1831? Uneasy because they did not know when the next rebellion might occur.

44.   The nuclear family of two parents and children, with prescribed gender roles, was the basis of community life among slaves.

45.   Most free black southerners farmed or worked in unskilled jobs.

46.   The person who supervised slave performance on plantations was known as the overseer.

47.   Which of the following are true statements about agriculture in the upper south during the antebellum period?

Improved farming methods helped reverse a decline in tobacco production.

Wheat and tobacco were both important crops.

Some planters made a profit only by selling their slaves.

48.   Slaves on small farms typically worked beside their owners.

49.   Slaves’ songs were

A way in which slaves expressed their deepest feelings and their desire for freedom.

Central to celebrations as well as daily routines.

A way to convey secret messages to other slaves.

50.   The most successful slave revolt in modern history occurred in the French colony of saint domingue.

51.   Which two crops became the major crops grown in the upper south in the antebellum period? Corn and wheat.

52.   Wich of the following are true statements about free black southerners?

They were more often of mixed racial ancestry than were slaves

They were disproportionately female.

53.   What was the most common kind of punishment for slaves who did not work to expectation? Whipping

54.   Why wasthe revolt in saint domingue more successful than other revolts?

Free blacks promoted the ideals of freedom and equality

The large population of slaves was brutally overworked.

Slaves were encouraged by the example of the French revolution.

55.   True. Though it was not evenly distributed, cotton brought enourmous prosperity to the south.

56.   How did southern state legislatures respond to nat turner’s rebellion in 1831? They passed laws restricting the rights of free African Americans.

57.   The cotton gentry of the western regions of the south during the antebellum period often

Valued hard work and aggressive business methods.

Desired to move up in society

58.   False. Plantation mistresses enjoyed a life of ease and leisure.

59.   True. Some masters tried an incentive system to reward slaves for good behavior and work, though punishments for bad behavior and work was an always looming threat.

Chapter 14

1.       How long did it typically take to migrate west via the overland trail? Six months

2.       The movement of mormon migrants to the valley of thre great salt lake in 1847 was led by brigham young.

3.       Which of the following was not a common obstacle during migration on the overland trail? Indian attacks.

4.       One morerate positions advocated the extension of the Missouri compromise line ot the pacific ocean.

5.       The economic power aspect of manifest destiny played out in the USdesire to control pacific coast harbors.

6.       The whigs accused president polk of using war with mexico as an indirect means to extend slavery.

7.       The daily experience of Indian laborers working the lands of the missions made them similar to slaves.

8.       The compromise of 1850 succeeded in compelling both northerners and southerners to make concessions issues related to slavery.

9.       The treaty of Guadalupe hidalgo ceded to the united states about one half of mexico’s terriroty.

10.   John c Calhoun argued that decisions regarding slavery in the territories could only be resolved throu the creation of state constitutions.

11.   The stae of deseret was officially established in the valley of the great salt lake in the year 1849.

12.   Why did the relationship between Mexicans and Indians changer after mexico’s independice from spain? Mexico was unable to offer apache and Comanche leaders gifts to ward off raids on Mexican communites.

13.   Spurred by calls to remember the Alamo, sam houston’s forces mounted a surprise attack on san anna’s army at the san jacinto river.

14.   President polk encouraged war with mexico in order to acquire more territory for the united states.

15.   True. Popular-sovereignty advocates specified that decisions about slavery in the territories should be resolved by residents of those territories.

16.   Despite the apparent success of the compromise of 1850, the number of congressmen who had voted against some part of it exceeded 70%

17.   Under the assumption that slavery would fail in the lands ceded by mexico, talor advocated the application of the Wilmot proviso to the region.

18.   Mexico agreed to the treaty after general Winfield scott capture mexico city in 1847.

19.   The majority of emigrants to California in the first year of the gold rush traveled via the overland trail.

20.   The breakdown of Mexican-indian relations on th eve of the Mexican-merican war weakened the Mexican government, which was facing debt and political division.

21.   The instability of its central government left mexico unprepared to mount a unified political front in a war against the united states.

22.   The assault that resulted in the capture of the Mexican commander santa anna took only 15 minutes.

23.   In the summer of 1846, a group of American settlers around sacramento established California as an independent republic followed the bear flag revolt.

24.   The first wave of overland trail migrants sought setlerment in Oregon, west of the continental divide.

25.   Thetreaty of Guadalupe hildalgo left the united states in control of most of the pacific coast.

26.   Which group contributed to violence between Mexicans and Indians by purchasing horses and livestock taken from mexico and supplying Indians with weapons? American traders

27.   Rather than taking a position on slavery, the whigs ran on the military record of their candidate, Zachary taylor.

28.   Manipulation of water reinforced the mormons’ sense of hierarchy and group discipline.

29.   Because economic conditions forced many Hispanic men in California to become seasonal workers, women played a greater role in sustaining families economically.

30.   In 1830, the Spanish-speaking population of new mexico was about what size? 45000

31.   Which of the following countries was not a significant source of the flood of prospectors who migrated to California in the early 1850s? Russia.

32.   Under henry clay’s compromise, the slave would become illegal but slavery would not.

33.   Polk’s argument that the united states was the rightful owner of Oregon was based in part on the fact that American settlers there outnumbered the brittish settlers.

34.   The admission in 1850 of California as a state shifted the congressional balance of slave states and free states in favor of the free states.

35.   The surge in westward migrations across the overload trail begain in what year? 1843

36.   The republic of texas spurred an immigration boon during the 1830s and 1840s by offeringfree land to potential settlers.

37.   In the election of 1848, the democrats campaigned on a platform of popular sovereignty.

38.   What was the principal business sector available to chineses entrepreneurs in san Francisco in the mid-nineteenth century? Laundries

39.   Because neither party supported him, tyler ran for president in 1844 as an independent.

40.   True. In addition to cooking, washing, and taking care of children, women traveling the overland trail typically had to help with such tasks as wagon repair, standing guard, and driving oxen.

41.   By 1850 the size of the irrigated area surrounding salt lake city exceeded 16000 acres.

42.   Chinese arrivals to californiawere predominantly young men.

43.   In 1850 the percentage of women in California who worked as prostitutes reached 20%

44.   As competition for jobs in san Francisco increased, so did anti-chinese sentiment.

45.   Roughly 80%of the workers who participated in the California gold rush were Americans.

46.   In response to the rapid influx of foreign workers, California imposed a foreign miner’s tax.

47.   Because the borderlands of texas, new mexico, and California were all more than 1000 miles away from mexico city, which of the following was true? They were, for the most part, unsupervised by Mexican authority.

48.   On the eve of the us invasion of mexico, which of the following best describes what was happening? Ongoing violence in mexico had claimed thousands of lives

49.   What was the approximate population on san franciso when the united states took control of California? 200

50.   Following the passage of the compromise of 1850, southern congressional representatives insisted that any breach of the compromise would be met with secession of all slave-holing states from the union.

51.   True. Some women traveled to the California gold fields in search of adventure.

52.   Some Mexican Americans in Texas responded to discrimination by stealing from wealthy whites to benefit poor Hispanics.

53.   In 1833 the Mexican Congress transferred the land holdings of colonial missionaries to Mexican rancheros.

54.   One advantage the Mexican military had over the US military going into the war was a greater number or soldiers.

55.   What was the approximate population of San Francisco in 1856? 50,000

56.   False. Spain developed an elaborate system of trails and transportation that linked Mexico’s northern frontier to its growing merchant class in Mexico City.

57.   Polk compelled Congress to address the Oregon issue by doing what? Terminating the joint occupation.

58.   The 1844 democratic platform demanded the “reoccupation” of Oregon.

59.   Rapid and unregulated development in early San Francisco left almost no land for public use.

60.   True. Despite the demographic diversity of gold-country miners in California, American attitudes toward new workers could be described as nativist.

61.   The organization of the Oregon Territory in 1848 revealed a fundamental weakness in the Missouri Compromise.

62.   After his arrest, Santa Anna signed treaties that recognized Texan independence and ordered his troops to move south of the Rio Grande.

63.   Compounding the everyday challenges that women faced on the overland trail was the lack of female companions.

64.   Polk succeeded in his principal objective of acquiring Puget Sound.

65.   Where did 90% of the settlers brought to Texas by the empresarios come from? The US South.

66.   Pro-slavery advocates recognized that the Oregon Territory was agriculturally ill-suited to slavery.

67.   How often were wagon trains attacked by Indians of the journey west? Rarely

68.   Seeking to avoid potential war with Britain, President Polk agreed to divide the Oregon Territory along what boundary? The 49^th parallel.

69.   Because the Whig nominee from president was a slaveholder, the “Conscience Whigs” broke from their party and joined northern Democrats to form the Free Soil Party.

70.   The amendment that banned slavery in all lands acquired from Mexico was known as the Wilmot Proviso.

71.   False. As the agricultural frontier of the West grew, a new and unique type of society evolved.

72.   Most northerners generally opposed any challenge to the fugitive slave law for fear of disrupting the 1850 consensus.

73.   President Polk’s vision of a continental United States hinged on gaining access to all of the following harbors except Los Angeles.

Chapter 15

1.       The republican Party candidate for president in1856, John C Fremont, rose to national prominence after liberating California during the Mexican War.

2.       Urban residents recognized the importance of rail lines in fostering local economic growth.

3.       After drafting the Lecompton constitution, slavery advocates in Kansas announced a referendum that would allow voters to choose whether to admit additional slave into the territory.

4.       The Know-Nothings succeeded in the 1854 elections by drawing support from former Whigs.

5.       Davis responded to the movement of federal aid to Fort Sumter in the state of South Carolina by demanding the surrender of the fort.

6.       Passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act marked the immediate repeal of the Missouri Compromise.

7.       What group of people were referred to as the “Know-Nothings”? Members of a secret political party.

8.       Which of the following solutions to the South’s internal crisis had failed by the 1850s?

Reforming agricultural methods

Introducing industry to the economy

Sending military expeditions to Latin America

9.       One reason that the Republicans nominated Lincoln for the 1860 presidential election was that he was popular in the North.

10.   Communities needed to link locations in the country to urban markets.

11.   Douglas’s claim that slaveholders could not bring slaves into an area without a slave code became known as the Freeport Doctrine.

12.   By 1855 the Know-Nothings had roughly 1 million voters.

13.   In response to the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter and Lincoln’s attempt to quell the rebellion, four states in the Upper South seceded from the Union.

14.   The delegates of eight southern states left the Democratic convention in Charleston, South Carolina, following the adoption of the Douglas platform of popular sovereignty and their facility to enact a federal slave code.

15.   Why were party members nicknamed “Know-Nothings”? They had a certain response to inquiries about the party.

16.   Following the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act, major parties lost support and independent parties began to thrive.

17.   After the arrival of railroads in urban communities, where were businesses and wealthy neighborhoods located? Away from railroads.

18.   What was the initial reaction of Republicans to Chief Justice Roger Taneys ruling in the Dred Scott case? They denounced it.

19.   Despite winning 180 electoral votes, Lincoln only won 40% of the popular vote nationwide.

20.   Between 1840 and 1860, railroad construction shifted from the eastern half of the United States to west of the Appalachian Mountains.

21.   As outlined in the Kansas-Nebraska Act, the status of slavery in both Kansas and Nebraska would be determined through popular sovereignty.

22.   Which of the following solutions to the South’s internal crisis had failed by the 1850s?

Introducing industry to the economy

Sending military expeditions to Latin America

Reforming agricultural methods

23.   Davis responded to the movement of federal aid to Fort Sumter in the state of South Carolina by demanding the surrender of the fort.

24.   True. Democratic voting requirements enabled a southern veto over Democratic candidates in presidential elections.

25.   Dred Scott sued for his freedom because he had lived in a free state.

26.   Eight out of the ten leading American industries during the 1850s processed raw materials produced by agriculture.

27.   The transition toward an immigrant labor sector during the 1850s was most visible in the textile industry.

28.   What was a consequence of the South’s rejection of federal aid for economic development? Its alliance with the West was weakened.

29.   What was the main topic of debate between Lincoln and Douglas? Slavery

30.   In exchange for cash crops sold via new rail lines, farmers had unprecedented access to new manufactured goods.

31.   In the 1850s, how many immigrants came to the United States? More than 2 million

32.   What happened to Charles Sumner in the US Senate chamber that gave credibility to Republican opposition toward slavery? He was beaten over the head with a cane.

33.   True. Republicans argued that the spread of slave labor would ultimately force free labor out of the territories.

34.   Republicans responded to John Brown raid by publicly distancing themselves from Brown, lest they be accused of radicalism.

35.   The northern immigration boom affected sectional politics by increasing northern dominance in the US House of Representatives.

36.   The expansion of northern wealth through the control of southern commodities led many southerners to view their region as a northern colony.

37.   In 1860the United States had invested almost $1 billion in manufacturing.

38.   During the 1850s, southern planters benefited by selling cotton to Britain.

39.   Many southerners believed that Lincoln would use federal aid to dismantle slavery in the border states.

40.   How did the Summer incident affect the Republican party? It gained support.

41.   Why were southerners concerned about population growth in the North? They feared that the North would settler territories in the West.

42.   In his attempt to prevent the Upper South and Border States from seceding, Kentucky Senator John Crittended proposed an amendment extending the Missouri Compromise line of 36°30’ to California.

43.   After the nomination of Douglas at the Democratic convention in Baltimore, the southern seceders nominated John C. Breckinridge.

44.   The Know-Nothings argued that American democracy was under threat from an “undemocratic” order within the Catholic Church.

45.   In what year did the southern states formally establish the Confederate States of America? 1861

46.   As the southern economy grew, in what did southern planters invest their resources? slaves

Chapter 16

1.       The new infantry weapon introduced during the Civil War

Shortened the time that battles were fought.

Allowed soldiers to fight from greater distances.

Resulted in an increased number of casualties

2.       By securing victories at Vicksburg, Mississippi, and Port Hudson, Louisiana, Grant achieved Lincoln’s goal of dividing the Confederacy.

3.       Lincoln responded to the attack on Fort Sumter by suspending the writ of habeas corpus in certain areas.

4.       Despite growing pressure to procure total abolition, Lincoln informed the Republicans that his principal objective was to save the Union.

5.       In which of the following ways did the Confederate War Department seek to increase the production of war goods?

Regulated private manufacturers

Managed mines

Built and ran factories

6.       By the summer of 1862, Lincoln was increasingly confident of his ability to take steps toward emancipation while retaining political support in the border states.

7.       Nearly 500,000 slaves fled to Union lines during the American Civil War.

8.       Over the course of the Civil War, tens of thousands of northern women began working in government and industry.

9.       In general, the soldiers in the American Civil War could be described as which of the following?

Farmers and farm laborers

Young

10.   In abandoning his supply lines in the assault on Vicksburg, Grand employed the tactics of total war, which had been rarely used previously.

11.   African-American members of the Union forces amounted to roughly 10% of the Union’s military manpower.

12.   Republican support for the total abolition of slavery came principally from the radicals Horace Greeley and Senator Charles Summer.

13.   When Lincoln allowed for the indefinite detention of those suspected of disloyalty, he did so without consulting Congress.

14.   The growth of southern industry under the Confederate government was accompanied by sharp declines in agricultural production.

15.   The Civil War stimulated the growth of which of the following manufacturing industries?

Machinery

Clothing

Agricultural Equipment

16.   Soon after the Civil War started, slaves who remained in the South challenged white authority and claimed greater personal freedoms.

17.   In additional to its economic effects, Lincoln’s proposal to free Confederate slaves also sought to strike a military blow against the South.

18.   As the Union’s government bureaucracy grew during the Civil War, women filled jobs as clerks.

19.   With 130,000 troops at his command, General McClellan attempted to take Richmond, the Confederate capital.

20.   Lincoln was popular with the Union army because he

Regularly visited the troops in hospitals and in the field.

Was a gifted politician.

Effectively explained the war’s goals.

21.   Blacks who served in the Union forces served in segregated units under white officers.

22.   Shortly after Lee’s surrender, Lincoln was assassinated at Ford’s Theater by John Wilkes Booth.

23.   Which of the following were reasons that Lincoln hesitated to pursue a policy of emancipation early in the Civil War?

He did not want to provoke his opponents in the border states.

He was afraid of the social upheaval that he believed emancipation would cause.

24.   True. The Union retained Missouri following a battle in 1862.

25.   An ultimate Confederate victory remained a possibility in the spring of 1863 as Lee won a victory at the battle of Chancellorsville.

26.   The war cut off the South’s exports of cotton to Europe, thus opening new cotton-growing markets in which of the following?

India

Brazil

Egypt

27.   In an effort to finance the war, in 1861 Congress passed the first federal income tax.

28.   Before leading the Confederacy, Jefferson Davis worked as a southern advocate in the US Senate.

29.   After the 1864 election, the emancipation of enslaved Americans was guaranteed with the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment to the US Constitution.

30.   In making his appeal for wartime mobilization, Lincoln cast the conflict between the Union and the Confederacy as a battle for the triumph of the ideals of the American Revolution.

31.   What was the result of the battle at Antietam? The Confederate army escaped after heavy fighting.

32.   General Lee made the “greatest mistake” of his military career at Gettysburg.

33.   Soon after the Civil War started, slaves who remained in the South challenged white authority and claimed greater personal freedoms.

34.   During the American Civil War, the experience of battle

Strengthened bonds between enemy soldiers.

Increased the sense of distance between soldiers and their families at home.

35.   The fund the war, the Confederate government introduced a tax-in-kind program that took about one-tenth of farmers’ surplus crops.

36.   The Confederate government primarily funded the war effort by printing money.

37.   Prior to becoming president of the Confederacy, Jefferson Davis’s achievements included all the following except fighting for proslavery forces in Kansas.

38.   On his way from Atlanta to South Carolina, Sherman took the city of Savannah.

39.   Increased tariffs were intended to help raise money for the cost of the war.

40.   The first major religious revivals among Confederate troops followed the defeats suffered by the South in the battles of Vicksburg and Gettysburg.

41.   Confederate leaders’ hope for the support of Great Britain was dashed.

42.   In an effort to raise revenues, the Confederate government imposed a graduated income tax in 1863.

43.   Confederate officials believed that southern fortunes would be determined in Atlanta.

44.   After his victory in Atlanta, Sherman intended to break the South’s will to fight with a 300-mile march to the sea.

45.   What efforts did Lincoln take to keep Maryland in the Union?

He suppressed pro-Confederate newspapers.

He imprisoned Confederate sympathizers.

He suspended the writ of habeas corpus.

46.   As declining cotton supplies threatened European textile industries, the South hoped that Europe would recognize the Confederacy.

47.   General Lee’s invasion into Union territory sought to force Maryland into the Confederate column.

48.   The Second Confiscation Act stipulated that all slaves of those who supported the rebellion would be freed if they came into federal custody.

49.   As the Civil War progressed, religious enthusiasm increased more markedly among Confederate troops than Union troops.

50.   Although they played an essential an essential role in the expanding Confederate bureaucracy, “government girls” were at first paid only about half the wages received by their male counterparts.

51.   During the invasion of Pennsylvania, Lee sent 14,000 troops under General George Pickett to break the Union lines.

52.   Lincoln responded to the Second Confiscation Act by encouraging border states to begin the process of emancipation.

53.   Retaining the loyalty of the border state of Maryland was critical for the Union because Maryland was closer to Washington DC than other border states.

54.   The experience of war transformed the Confederacy; more fundamentally than it did the Union.

55.   Critics of Jefferson Davis argued that his attempts to centralize power during the Civil War was an assault on the core Confederate principle of states’ rights.

56.   Discipline and training during the American Civil War was relatively poor in both the Union and the Confederate armies.

57.   Copperheads opposed the draft.

58.   Lincoln decreed that individuals who were arrested for disloyalty or antiwar activities could be tried by military courts.

59.   The confiscation act of 1861 established that the Union could free any slaves used for military purposes that fell into their hands.

60.   The civil war nurse who later founded the Red Cross was Clara Barton.

61.   The Union victories at Fort Henry and Fort Donelson in February 1862 forced the Confederacy to withdraw from Kentucky and central Tennessee.

62.   Of the more than 20,000 individuals arrested for suspected disloyalty or antiwar activities, most were never charged with a specific crime or tried in court.

63.   During the Civil War, soldiers spent by far most of their time in camp.

64.   Despite the Union’s superiority in manpower and arms, Lincoln believed the Union could not win the war unless they controlled the Mississippi River.

65.   Confederate officials established a policy of impressment, which allowed the army to seize private property for its own use.

66.   Lincoln believed that General Winfield Scott’s war strategy did not go far enough to defeat the Confederacy.

67.   From the opening of the American Civil War, Jefferson Davis’s interactions with Confederate officials were marked by disagreement and argument.

68.   What was the outcome of the battle at Shiloh? A Union victory with heavy casualties.

69.   General Lee surrendered to General Grant at Appomattox.

70.   Following the Battle of Antietam, Lincoln declared that all slaves inside rebel lines would be freed on January 1, 1863, unless the rebel states gave their allegiance to the Union.

71.   To avoid going to war, a draftee on the Union forces could hire a substitute.

Chapter 17

1.       The primary factor in the failure of Reconstruction was racism.

2.       White southerners who supported the Republican party were called scalawags.

3.       Which of the following are true of the Wade-Davis bill?

Half of the white adult males were required to take an oath of allegiance before drafting a new state constitution.

It restricted political power to the hardcore Unionists in each state.

Confederate states were ruled temporarily by a military governor.

4.       In South Carolina, African Americans held political office in approximate proportion to their voting strength.

5.       President Johnson required that white southerners take a loyalty oath to restore their political rights.

6.       Which of the following characteristics of the slave labor system did white landowners try to retain?

Physical punishment

Gang labor

Strict superintendence

7.       Which of the following statements best describes the Freedmen’s Bureau? It was a federal agency charged with helping former slaves make the transition to freedom.

8.       In the Compromise of 1877, southern Democrats agreed to respect the rights of African Americans.

9.       Which of the following tactics did Johnson use to undermine congressional reconstruction?

The removal of military commanders who strictly enforced Reconstruction laws

The attempted removal of radical republicans from cabinet positions

An extremely narrow interpretation of the reconstruction laws

10.   How did emancipation change African Americans’ views on work? They sought new places to work.

11.   The blank codes applied only to African Americans and were modeled on states’ old slave codes.

12.   Which of the following was not a provision of the Wade-Davis bill? Former Confederate states must extend suffrage to freedmen before being allowed to draw up a state constitution.

13.   Which of the following are true about the Freedman’s Bureau?

The bureau was in charge of settling freedpeople on abandoned lands.

The bureau established schools for black southerners.

The bureau provided emergency food, clothing, and medical care to war refugees.

14.   The first legislatures to meet under the new state constitutions were required to ratify the 14^th amendment.

15.   Which of the following best describes the political power of African Americans in the South? There was only one southern state where African Americans controlled one house of the legislature.

16.   Which of the following were provisions of Johnsons program for Reconstruction?

Only white southerners who had taken the loyalty oath were allowed to vote

White southerners were required to take a loyalty oath to the union before recovering their political rights.

A military governor would rule the states of the former confederacy temporarily

17.   White republicans who moved from the north to the south during reconstruction were called carpetbaggers.

18.   Which of the following did Section 1 of the 14^th amendment not do? Forbid segregation in public schools.

19.   Which of the following were provisions of the Civil Rights Act of 1875?

It prohibited racial discrimination on all public transportation.

It prevented racial discrimination in the composition of juries.

It prohibited racial discrimination in public accommodations.

20.   The decision of the Democrats in 1875 to use as much violence as necessary in order to triumph in the state election was called the Mississippi Plan.

21.   Which of the following was not a common tactic used to pressure, intimidate, or terrorize blacks and republicans? Black observers at the polls recording the names of other blacks who voted republican.

22.   The democrats who took control of southern state governments in the 1870s were knownas redeemers.

23.   The arrangement under which black families cultivated private plots of land and then surrendered half of their annual crop to the lands white landowner was called sharecropping.

24.   Congressional republicans passed their own program of reconstruction in march 1867.

25.   The term carpetbaggers refers to whom? Northerners

26.   In which of the following was did the agent of the freedmen’s bureau provide important help to planters?

By insisting that black laborers work through the harvest

By encouraging black laborers to be well behaved

By arresting freedpeople who violated the terms of their contracts

27.   As a class, African Americans after the civil war generally had no property and found it necessary to work for white landowners.

28.   The freedmen’s bureau  was intended to protect freedpeople’s economic rights.

29.   Which of the following were significant challenges facing black schools in the south?

Insufficient schoolbooks

Physical intimidation and violence

Large classes

30.   The most infamous of paramilitary organizations created to terrorize blacks and white republicans was the ku Klux klan.

31.   The redeemers got their name because they claimed to have “redeemed” the south from reconstruction.

32.   Which of the following best describes freed African American parents’ attitude toward education? They attended night school after their children had attended school during the day.

33.   President Johnson ruled that the second confiscation act of 1862 applied only to wartime.

34.   Under the sharecropping system, an African-American family typically cultivated an individual plot of land that belonged to a white landowner.

35.   Which of the following was not a provision of the first reconstruction act of march 1867? Segregation in public places must be eliminated.

36.   True. The forcible separation of black families during slavery remained a problem for some African Americans after emancipation.

37.   True. Freedmen believed they could advance themselves through eduction.

38.   Although sharecropping was more prestigious than wage labor, it often led to African Americans becoming mired in debt.

39.   What did white southerners think was the real crime of the radical governments?

Allowing black citizens to hold some offices.

Protecting the civil rights of African Americans.

40.   Johnson’s unpopularity brought victory to the radical party in the 1866 election.

41.   The US Congress established the Freedmen’s Courts in 1866 to provide African Americans a court system free of racial discrimination.

42.   Johnson was a firm believer in which of the following? White supremacy.

43.   Programs of amnesty were made with varying degrees of exception for high confederate officials by president Lincoln in 1863.

44.   The 15^th amendment guaranteed the right to vote regardless of race.

45.   During the civil war, the second confiscation act authorized the government to seize and sell the property, including land, of supporters of the rebellion.

46.   Which republican had become disillusioned with reconstruction? Horace greeley

47.   The 10% plan proposed that in order for former confederate states to organize a new state government, an oath of loyalty to the union would be required from at least 10% of the state’s qualified voters from 1860.

48.   In the election of 1866, the radicals used a tactic called “waving the bloody shirt”.

49.   Which of the following republican promises attracted white southerners to the party?

To restore prosperity to the south

To build railroads in isolated areas.

To build more public schools.

50.   Which of the following best describes the reaction of congress to johnson’s reconstruction program? Some democrats joined a few conservative republicans in supporting the bill.

51.   Which of the following best describes the difference in industrial development between the south and the north during reconstruction? Although industrial development in the south expanded, it still did not compare with that of the north.

52.   The attention of liberal republicans was diverted from protecting the rights of freedpeople to which of the following efforts? Opposing the corruption of governments in the south.

53.   False. Freedmen’s Bureau agents encouraged, but did not require, black laborers to sign contracts specifying wages and working conditions.

54.   The largest group of scalawags were unionists.

55.   In the elections regarding new state constitutions, whites boycotted the polls.

56.   The only other society in the Americas to eliminate slavery through violence was Haiti.

57.   More than half of all southern republican governors were carpetbaggers.

58.   After receiving the right to vote, the vast majority of African American men supported the republican party.

59.   Why did congress find it necessary to pass the fourth reconstruction act? White southerners refused to ratify the new state constitutions.

60.   Which of the following republican promises attracted white southerners to the party?

To build railroads in isolated areas

To restore prosperity to the south

To build more public schools

61.   White southerners found a new way to distance themselves from African Americans after emancipation through the idea of segregation.

62.   President johnson’s impeachment trial in 1868 contributed to the decline in the idealism of the republican party.

63.   The nations attention was diverted from reconstruction by the panic of 1873.

64.   After receiving the right to vote, black men constituted what percentage of the republican voters in the south? 80%

65.   The freedmen’s bureau encouraged black laborers to sign contracts that specified wages and conditions of their employment.

66.   Which of the following was not a common reaction of African Americans to the labor demands of white landowners? They demanded free rent in the old slave quarters.

67.   In response to the first reconstruction act, white southerners made no effort to register African American voters.

68.   Which of the following best describes the 14^th amendment’s approach to the issue of political power in the south? Former confederate officials were effectively barred from holding public office.

69.   Many northerners were disillusioned with reconstruction despite the passage of civil rights legislation.

False. Lincoln dismissed the possibility of compensating former slave owners for their prope